Towards a structural turn in consciousness science.

Recent activities in virtually all fields engaged in consciousness studies indicate early signs of a structural turn, where verbal descriptions or simple formalisations of conscious experiences are replaced by structural tools, most notably mathematical spaces. My goal here is to offer three comments that, in my opinion, are essential to avoid misunderstandings in these developments early on. These comments concern metaphysical premises of structural approaches, the viability of structure-preserving mappings, and the question of what a structure of conscious experience is in the first place. I will also explain what, in my opinion, are the great promises of structural methodologies and how they might impact consciousness science at large.

Structured community transitions explain the switching capacity of microbial systems.

Microbial systems appear to exhibit a relatively high switching capacity of moving back and forth among few dominant communities (taxon memberships). While this switching behavior has been mainly attributed to random environmental factors, it remains unclear the extent to which internal community dynamics affect the switching capacity of microbial systems. Here, we integrate ecological theory and empirical data to demonstrate that structured community transitions increase the dependency of future communities on the current taxon membership, enhancing the switching capacity of microbial systems. Following a structuralist approach, we propose that each community is feasible within a unique domain in environmental parameter space. Then, structured transitions between any two communities can happen with probability proportional to the size of their feasibility domains and inversely proportional to their distance in environmental parameter space-which can be treated as a special case of the gravity model. We detect two broad classes of systems with structured transitions: one class where switching capacity is high across a wide range of community sizes and another class where switching capacity is high only inside a narrow size range. We corroborate our theory using temporal data of gut and oral microbiota (belonging to class 1) as well as vaginal and ocean microbiota (belonging to class 2). These results reveal that the topology of feasibility domains in environmental parameter space is a relevant property to understand the changing behavior of microbial systems. This knowledge can be potentially used to understand the relevant community size at which internal dynamics can be operating in microbial systems.

Re-evaluating the structure of consciousness through the symintentry hypothesis.

The Projective Consciousness Model and its extension to the phenomenal selfhood model are the generic invariant structures of consciousness through five symmetries. They include the following: situated 3D spatiality; temporal integration through encompassing the three "nows" that constitute the Now; multimodal synchronic integration; relational phenomenal intentionality; and consciousness entails a pre-reflective awareness of the uniqueness of the phenomenal self. These symmetries stem from the evolution and emergence of the phenomenal self through modeling, and that is realized through the phenomenal modeling of the intentionality relationship. We propose that this set of symmetries is based on and can be explicated in terms of a more fundamental symmetry, symmetry-based modeling. The proposal stems from (a) Kant's transcendental structuralism, which asserts that "Objects" conform to models prescribed through the inherent structure of the phenomenal mind, and (b) Cassirer's proposition that a mathematical group underpins this structure. To validate our proposal, we stipulate this group defining symmetry-based modeling and its emergence and adaptation into structuring the Now. We find that Cassirer's group requires a more powerful dual quaternion operator to be able to support intentionality and the five symmetries. We propose that the efficacy of this operator stems from unifying symmetry-based modeling and intentionality as "symintentry." Symintentry, we argue, is not just a new form of symmetry but is the archetypical form of symmetry. Symintentry provides fresh insights into the nature of symmetry, intentionality, and consciousness.

From signals to music: a bottom-up approach to the structure of neuronal activity.

Introduction: The search for the "neural code" has been a fundamental quest in neuroscience, concerned with the way neurons and neuronal systems process and transmit information. However, the term "code" has been mostly used as a metaphor, seldom acknowledging the formal definitions introduced by information theory, and the contributions of linguistics and semiotics not at all. The heuristic potential of the latter was suggested by structuralism, which turned the methods and findings of linguistics to other fields of knowledge. For the study of complex communication systems, such as human language and music, the necessity of an approach that considers multilayered, nested, structured organization of symbols becomes evident. We work under the hypothesis that the neural code might be as complex as these human-made codes. To test this, we propose a bottom-up approach, constructing a symbolic logic in order to translate neuronal signals into music scores. Methods: We recorded single cells' activity from the rat's globus pallidus pars interna under conditions of full alertness, blindfoldedness and environmental silence. We analyzed the signals with statistical, spectral, and complex methods, including Fast Fourier Transform, Hurst exponent and recurrence plot analysis. Results: The results indicated complex behavior and recurrence graphs consistent with fractality, and a Hurst exponent >0.5, evidencing temporal persistence. On the whole, these features point toward a complex behavior of the time series analyzed, also present in classical music, which upholds the hypothesis of structural similarities between music and neuronal activity. Furthermore, through our experiment we performed a comparison between music and raw neuronal activity. Our results point to the same conclusion, showing the structures of music and neuronal activity to be homologous. The scores were not only spontaneously tonal, but they exhibited structure and features normally present in human-made musical creations. Discussion: The hypothesis of a structural homology between the neural code and the code of music holds, suggesting that some of the insights introduced by linguistic and semiotic theory might be a useful methodological resource to go beyond the limits set by metaphoric notions of "code."

Exploring the role of structuralist methodology in the neuroscience of consciousness: a defense and analysis.

Traditional contrastive analysis has been the foundation of consciousness science, but its limitations due to the lack of a reliable method for measuring states of consciousness have prompted the exploration of alternative approaches. Structuralist theories have gained attention as an alternative that focuses on the structural properties of phenomenal experience and seeks to identify their neural encoding via structural similarities between quality spaces and neural state spaces. However, the intertwining of philosophical assumptions about structuralism and structuralist methodology may pose a challenge to those who are skeptical of the former. In this paper, I offer an analysis and defense of structuralism as a methodological approach in consciousness science, which is partly independent of structuralist assumptions on the nature of consciousness. By doing so, I aim to make structuralist methodology more accessible to a broader scientific and philosophical audience. I situate methodological structuralism in the context of questions concerning mental representation, psychophysical measurement, holism, and functional relevance of neural processes. At last, I analyze the relationship between the structural approach and the distinction between conscious and unconscious states.

Stages in Theory and Experiment. Fuzzy-Structuralism and Piagetian Stages.

The theory of stages in cognitive development is one of Jean Piaget's enduring legacies, but it has also borne the brunt of much criticism. It maintains that intelligence develops in an invariant sequence of stages, and, in this paper, I situate Piaget's conceptions of stages historically and functionally in the context of genetic epistemology, his research programme. I highlight some of the objections raised, and I show how the disparity between the conceptions of theoretical and empirical stages in Piaget's theory is commensurate with the fuzzy-structuralist model of the relationship between theory and empirical research conceived by Rudolf Seising on the basis of Lofti A. Zadeh's fuzzy set theory. Further, I propose a fuzzy conception of the notion 'stage', which not only captures its ordinary use in fuzzy space between theory and empirical research but also does justice to both the construct validity and quantitative variability of stages in empirical research. I therefore open a fuzzy-structuralist perspective on the Crisis of Variability afflicting Piaget's stage theory during the 1970s and conclude retrospectively that the rift it caused was not necessary since the invariance and variability of stages is not irreconcilable.

Rebuilding ships while at sea-Character individuality, homology, and evolutionary innovation.

How novel traits originate in evolution is still one of the most perplexing questions in Evolutionary Biology. Building on a previous account of evolutionary innovation, I here propose that evolutionary novelties are those individualized characters that are not homologous to any characters in the ancestor. To clarify this definition, I here provide a detailed analysis of the concepts of "character individuality" and "homology" first, before addressing their role for our understanding of evolutionary innovation. I will argue (1) that functional as well as structural considerations are important for character individualization; and (2) that compositional (structural) and positional homology need to be clearly distinguished to properly describe the evolutionary transformations of hierarchically structured characters. My account will therefore integrate functional and structural perspectives and put forward a new multi-level view of character identity and transformation.

Two Attitudes towards Textuality in International Law: The Battle for Dualism.

This article sketches out two distinct attitudes towards textuality in international law, namely international hermeneutics and international poetics. It argues that these two attitudes towards textuality espouse very different types of dualism of thought. This difference bears major implications on how the international lawyer approaches international legal texts. In exposing these two attitudes towards textuality and the distinct types of dualism they reveal, this article makes a plea for a greater embrace of international poetics by international lawyers, and thus for a complete remoulding of international lawyers' dualist patterns of thought.

A dupla volta da subjetivação em Winnicott / The double turn of subjectivation in Winnicott / El doble giro de la subjetivación en Winnicott

O propósito principal deste texto é o de avaliar a pertinência do conceito de subjetivação à guisa da contribuição de Donald Winnicott. Tradicionalmente associadas ao desenvolvimentismo psicológico e mais recentemente ao identitarismo, as ideias do psicanalista inglês têm ficado de fora dos debates contemporâneos acerca da desconstrução do sujeito e da crítica às identidades. Pretendemos reposicionar Winnicott nesse debate avançando à ideia de uma subjetivação propriamente histórica e contingente, caracterizada pelo que chamamos de uma dupla volta, a primeira sendo a que organiza a posição pré-subjetiva que Winnicott chamou de being; e a segunda, a emergência do sujeito propriamente dito a partir da dialética da destruição x sobrevivência do outro.

In this paper, we aim to reassess the relevance of the concept of subjection in the guise of the contribution of Donald Winnicott. Traditionally associated to psychological development theories and more recently to identitarianism, the ideas of the English psychoanalyst are usually eschewed in contemporary debates regarding the deconstruction of the subject and the critique of identities. Advancing a repositioning of Winnicott in this debate, we propose the idea of a double turn, the first organizing the pre-subjective position that Winnicott named as being; and the second turn, the emergence of the subject itself from the dialectics of destruction x survival of the other.

El propósito principal de este texto es el de evaluar la relevancia del concepto de subjetivación bajo la contribución de Donald Winnicott. Asociadas tradicionalmente al desarrollismo psicológico y más recientemente al identitarismo, las ideas del psicoanalista inglés han quedado fuera de los debates contemporáneos sobre la deconstrucción del sujeto y la crítica de las identidades. Pretendemos reposicionar a Winnicott en este debate, avanzando la idea de una subjetivación propiamente histórica y contingente, caracterizada por lo que llamamos un doble giro, siendo el primero el que organiza la posición presubjetiva que Winnicott llamó ser; y el segundo, el surgimiento del sujeto propiamente dicho desde la dialéctica destrucción x supervivencia del otro.

Therapeutic Environments in Drug Treatment: From Stigmatising Spaces to Enabling Places. A Theory-Based Qualitative Analysis.

Investigating therapeutic environments for young drug users is needed to avoid a high dropout rate due to a potential stigmatising effect of the structure of the space. In this article, we draw from three semi-structured interviews with young drug users. The interviews focused broadly on their experiences being on drug treatment and on how they experienced counselling and treatment in different spaces. The findings show that therapeutic spaces that were viewed as clinical and sterile were experienced as stigmatising, which discouraged young drug users from engaging in treatment and therapeutic processes. In contrast, therapeutic places with a homely atmosphere reduced the experience of stigmatisation, facilitated participation in treatment and helped users to relax and feel part of a community. In the analysis, we show how enabling therapeutic places with a homely atmosphere can be produced through materials, activities, and sensory processes.

A meta-ethnography of participatory health research and co-production in Nepal.

As global health research seeks to decolonialise, democratise, and become more culturally engaging, researchers are increasingly employing participatory and co-productive methods. Working from post-structural perspectives, this meta-ethnographic review explores how such health research in Nepal engages with the epistemological, methodological, and ethical questions it encounters. Five databases including Nepali NepJOL were searched for studies from inception to March 2021. The review included seven studies covering women's group co-production, interviews guided by photo-elicitation, observational methods to explore maternal and child health, mental health, and environmental determinants of health. This meta-ethnography identified that, against the background of a pluralist heritage of health practices, global collaborations involving Nepali researchers and practitioners used participatory research methodology to work with the local populations to improve health and co-production seek primarily to promote Western biomedical and psychosocial interventions. Both advantages and disadvantages were acknowledged. Empirical verification and global acceptance of Western biomedical and psychosocial knowledge were seen as beneficial. Moreover, Western biomedicine was perceived by some as more effective than some local practices in improving health; nevertheless, Nepal faces many challenges that neither can address alone. For participatory and co-productive approaches to become epistemologically enculturated within Nepali health research, researchers need to co-develop more local models and methods which are culturally sensitive and appropriate. Meaningful and effective participatory research can promote active involvement of people who deliver as well as people who use the community-based health care support. These are crucial to optimise sustainable change that global health research partnerships set out to achieve. This meta-ethnography recommends that researchers engage at a deeper level with the epistemological differences between themselves and the communities with whom they seek partnership. Cross-cultural research teams should discuss and address the power differentials which might affect them.

Wavefunction realism does not 'privilege position'.

It is common ground among proponents and detractors of wavefunction realism that the view 'privileges position', in the sense that it arbitrarily singles out one among a continuum infinity of wavefunction representations as characterizing the fundamental field: the position representation. This paper shows that, properly understood, wavefunction realism does not involve such an arbitrary choice. First, I argue that, though each wavefunction representation gives rise to a different version of wavefunction realism, the difference between these theories amounts to a mere haecceitistic difference. Second, I argue that wavefunction realists should reconceive of their view as a role-based thesis that is silent about the relevant haecceitistic differences.

Local neuronal relational structures underlying the contents of human conscious experience.

While most theories of consciousness posit some kind of dependence on global network activities, I consider here an alternative, localist perspective-in which localized cortical regions each underlie the emergence of a unique category of conscious experience. Under this perspective, the large-scale activation often found in the cortex is a consequence of the complexity of typical conscious experiences rather than an obligatory condition for the emergence of conscious awareness-which can flexibly shift, depending on the richness of its contents, from local to more global activation patterns. This perspective fits a massive body of human imaging, recordings, lesions and stimulation data but opens a fundamental problem: how can the information, defining each content, be derived locally in each cortical region. Here, I will discuss a solution echoing pioneering structuralist ideas in which the content of a conscious experience is defined by its relationship to all other contents within an experiential category. In neuronal terms, this relationship structure between contents is embodied by the local geometry of similarity distances between cortical activation patterns generated during each conscious experience, likely mediated via networks of local neuronal connections. Thus, in order for any conscious experience to appear in an individual's mind, two central conditions must be met. First, a specific configural pattern ("bar-code") of neuronal activity must appear within a local relational geometry, i.e. a cortical area. Second, the individual neurons underlying the activated pattern must be bound into a unified functional ensemble through a burst of recurrent neuronal firing: local "ignitions".

Considerações Pós-Estruturalistas sobre o Sujeito, o Tempo e a(s) Língua(s) no Filme Babel / Post-Structural Considerations about Subject, Time and Language(s) in the Movie Babel / Consideraciones Post-Estructuralistas sobre el Sujeto, el Tiempo y las Lengua(s) en la Película Babel

No cenário contemporâneo, localizamos uma concepção hegemônica e idealizada sobre a linguagem, definida como capaz de representar a realidade e o sujeito, bem como realizar a plena tradução do sujeito e do outro. Entendemos que os pressupostos modernos de identidade, sujeito cognoscente, tempo linear, binarismo, dentre outros, sustentam a concepção hegemônica de linguagem. Esse artigo visa realizar um exercício de desconstrução da concepção idealizada da linguagem e das suas relações com o modo de subjetivar, que opera a partir dos pressupostos modernos. Produziu-se nesse artigo a leitura e a análise desconstrutiva de algumas cenas do filme Babel (2006), recorrendo ao aporte teórico de autores pós-estruturalistas como Foucault e Derrida. Utilizaram-se conceitos como descontínuo e acontecimento para trabalhar com as aporias da língua e da comunicação, relacionando-as aos pressupostos da identidade, do sujeito cognoscente e do tempo linear. Entende-se que a(s) língua(s) se associam à diferença, aos deslizamentos dos sentidos e à alteridade. (AU)

In the contemporary scenario, we find a hegemonic and idealized conception of language that defines itself as capable of representing reality and the subject, as well as capable of fully translating the subject and the other. We understand that the modern assumptions of identity, conscious subject, linear time, binarisms, among others, support this hegemonic conception of language. This article aims to perform an exercise of deconstruction of the idealized conception of language and its relations with the modes of subjectivity that operates from modern presuppositions. Therefore, this article aims to produce the deconstructive reading of some scenes from the movie Babel (2006), using the theoretical support of poststructuralists authors such as Foucault and Derrida. We use concepts such as discontinuous and event to work with the aporias of language and communication relating them to the presupposition of identity, conscious subject and linear time. It is understood that the language (s) is associated with difference, sliding of the senses and otherness. (AU)

En el escenario contemporáneo localizamos la concepción hegemónica e idealizada sobre el lenguaje que la define como capaz de representar la realidad y el sujeto, y también, con la capacidad de realizar la plena traducción del sujeto y del otro. Entendemos que los presupuestos modernos de la identidad, del sujeto cognoscente, del tiempo linear y el binarismo, entre otros, sustentan la concepción hegemónica del lenguaje. El objetivo del presente artículo es realizar un ejercicio de desconstrucción de la concepción idealizada del lenguaje y de sus relaciones con el modo de subjetivar que opera a partir de los presupuestos modernos. Así, se trata de producir la lectura y análisis deconstructiva de algunas escenas de la película Babel (2006), recurriendo al aporte teórico de los autores post-estructuralistas como Foucault y Derrida. Utilizamos conceptos como discontinuo y acontecimiento para trabajar con las aporías de la lengua y de la comunicación relacionándolas con los presupuestos de la identidad, del sujeto cognoscente y del tiempo linear. Se entiende que la(s) lengua(s) se asocia(n) con la diferencia, los deslizamientos de los sentidos y la alteridad. (AU)

Structuralism and the conformity of mathematics and nature.

Structuralists typically appeal to some variant of the widely popular 'mapping' account of mathematical representation to suggest that mathematics is applied in modern science to represent the world's physical structure. However, in this paper, I argue that this realist interpretation of the 'mapping' account presupposes that physical systems possess an 'assumed structure' that is at odds with modern physical theory. Through two detailed case studies concerning the use of the differential and variational calculus in modern dynamics, I show that the formal structure that we need to assume in order to apply the mapping account is inconsistent with the way in which mathematics is applied in modern physics. The problem is that a realist interpretation of the 'mapping' account imposes too severe of a constraint on the conformity that must exist between mathematics and nature in order for mathematics to represent the structure of a physical system.

All about ideology? Reading Piketty´s with Latin American lenses.

This review essay evaluates Capital and Ideology in light of the Latin American experience. Given its history of exploitation and high levels of inequality, the region constitutes an essential case study. By considering the Latin America case, we can also benefit from the many insights coming from within the region and often overlooked by the Anglo-Saxon (dominant) literature. The paper makes two different arguments. First, asymmetries in economic and political power are the main drivers of long-term inequality. Following insights from structuralism, I show how the organization of the global economy has shaped domestic patterns of income distribution in many parts of the world. The dependent character of economic development together with the power of domestic elites explain Latin America's stubborn inequality; ideology has historically been more an instrument than an underlying driver. Second, we cannot understand the evolution of income distribution without considering the role of dictatorships. While Capital and Ideology explains convincingly why liberal democracies are not working, it never properly considers the risk and costs of (conservative) authoritarian regimes. In thinking about policy responses, the essay also highlights the importance of strengthening democracy, fighting dictatorships, and enhancing the influence of social movements.

Overview: Exploring the onto-politics of cannabis.

The composition, use, policies, and the societal position of cannabis are changing and diversifying internationally. Cannabis has emerged as an object of much controversy and is subject to varying forms of regulation. Its role and regulation are also debated in the Nordic countries. To shed light on such developments, this special issue sets out to explore how the phenomenon of cannabis, and related policies and subjectivities, are currently made, unmade, and transformed in multiple ways through discourses, practices, and materiality, and with different consequences.

An assessment of the relational orientation framework for Chinese societies: Scale development and Chinese relationalism.

How to capture the role of culture in individual behavior is a difficult question, in part because it is often embedded in the research approach. Many researchers have stressed the entrenched ethnocentrism of mainstream psychology approaches. In response, some Chinese scholars have turned to sociology theories to create a relation-centered approach for investigating the psychology of Confucian societies. Scholars in Asia recently have proposed a theoretical model of psychological functioning in Chinese societies that encompasses the individual's sociocultural environment, which they labeled the relational orientation framework (ROF). The ROF is comprised of a structural-relational factor grounded in sociological structuration theory with five dimensions that shape the individual's position in the social network, and a relational agency factor based on social exchange theory with four dimensions that capture the individual's orientation to exchange aspects of relationships. This study assesses the proposed theoretical structure of the model with empirical data. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses with two independent samples from universities in mainland China (N = 601, M age = 20.8 years) supported the structural-relational factor with the expected five dimensions and the relational agency factor with a modified version of the four dimensions with acceptable reliability and validity scores and good levels of model-data fit. We provide recommendations for refining conceptualization of the two factors for future development of an assessment tool.

O estruturalismo e algumas de suas vicissitudes: política e sujeito / Structuralism and some of its vicissitudes: policy and subject / El estructuralismo y algunas de sus vicisitudes: política y sujeto

Este ensaio parte de dois questionamentos que se entrecruzam: um, que diz respeito aos limites do estruturalismo no que tange à proposição de uma política emancipatória; e outro, à importância que o conceito de sujeito pode ter para esse tipo de proposta política. Assim, fizemos um brevíssimo percurso sobre o conceito de estrutura enquanto objeto central do estruturalismo. Em seguida, articulamos as noções de ideologia e poder em Althusser e Foucault, partindo do caráter onipresente de tais instâncias na teoria desses filósofos, que acreditamos se desdobrar da onipresença do conceito de estrutura, e das consequências de tal onipresença para a categoria de sujeito. Posteriormente, mostramos as divergências existentes entre Lacan e os outros autores no que diz respeito ao conceito de sujeito, ressaltando o alcance político desse constructo e da própria clínica psicanalítica.

This essay emerges from two interwoven inquiries: one of them about the limits of structuralism concerning the proposal of an emancipatory policy; the other about the importance of the concept of subject for this kind of political proposal. Therefore, we weave a short course about the concept of structure as a central object of structuralism. Next, we articulated the notions of ideology and power according to Althusser and Foucault, from the omnipresent character of these instances in these philosophers' theories, which we hold that arises from the omnipresence of the concept of structure; and the consequences of such omnipresence for the category of subject. Later, we display the divergences between Lacan and the other authors about the concept of subject, highlighting the political reach of this construct and of the psychoanalytic clinic itself.

Este ensayo parte de dos cuestionamientos que se entrecruzan: uno, con respecto a los límites del estructuralismo en lo que se refiere a la proposición de una política emancipatoria; y otro, a la importancia que el concepto de sujeto puede tener para ese tipo de propuesta política. Así, hicimos un brevísimo recorrido sobre el concepto de estructura como objeto central del estructuralismo. En seguida, articulamos las nociones de ideología y poder en Althusser y Foucault, partiendo del carácter omnipresente de tales instancias en la teoría de esos filósofos, que creemos desdoblarse de la omnipresencia del concepto de estructura, y de las consecuencias de tal omnipresencia para la categoría de sujeto. Posteriormente, mostramos las divergencias existentes entre Lacan y los otros autores en lo que se refiere al concepto de sujeto, resaltando el alcance político de ese constructo y de la propia clínica psicoanalítica.

O estruturalismo na obra de Jacques Lacan: um retorno a questão da linguagem / Structuralism in Jacques Lacan's work: returning to the question of language / Estructuralismo en el trabajo de Jacques Lacan: un regreso a la cuestión del lenguaje / Le structuralisme dans l´oeuvre de Jacques Lacan: un retour á la question du langage

Este artigo busca analisar as contribuições do movimento estruturalista para o avanço da psicanálise lacaniana. Para isso, apresentamos um breve histórico sobre as origens desse pensamento e suas principais filiações. Tanto a antropologia de Lévi-Strauss quanto a linguística de Jakobson possibilitaram que Lacan realizasse o seu projeto freudiano atravessado por uma nova forma de produzir ciência. No entanto, destacamos que a relação de Lacan com a linguística saussuriana teve um impacto singular para os rumos da psicanálise. Lacan encontrou na linguística estrutural uma possibilidade de trazer a psicanálise de volta para o seu campo específico - o da linguagem. Desse modo, o estruturalismo ocupa um lugar importante na história da psicanálise, fato este que tentamos demonstrar nesse trabalho.

This article analyzes the contributions of the structuralist movement to the advance of Lacanian psychoanalysis. The study presents a brief history of the structuralism and its main affiliations. Both Lévi-Strauss's anthropology and Jakobson's linguistics enabled Lacan to carry out his Freudian project characterized by a new way of producing science. However, the study highlights that Lacan's relationship with Saussurian linguistics had a unique impact on the direction of psychoanalysis. Lacan found in structural linguistics a possibility of bringing psychoanalysis back to its specific field - language. Thus, structuralism occupies an important place in the history of psychoanalysis, a fact that we try to demonstrate in this work.

Este artículo analiza las contribuciones del movimiento estructuralista al avance del psicoanálisis lacaniana. Para esto, presentamos una breve historia sobre los orígenes de este pensamiento y sus principales afiliaciones. Tanto la antropología de Lévi-Strauss como la lingüística de Jakobson le permitieron a Lacan realizar su proyecto freudiano atravesado por una nueva forma de producir ciencia. Sin embargo, destacamos que la relación de Lacan con la lingüística saussuriana tuvo un impacto único en la dirección del psicoanálisis. Lacan encontró en la lingüística estructural la posibilidad de devolver el psicoanálisis a su campo específico: el del lenguaje. Así, el estructuralismo ocupa un lugar importante en la historia del psicoanálisis, un hecho que intentamos demostrar en este trabajo.

Cet article cherche à analyser les contributions du mouvement structuraliste pour le développement de la psychanalyse lacanienne. Pour ce faire, nous présentons un bref historique des origines de cette pensée et ses filiations plus importantes. Aussi bien l'anthropologie de Lévi-Strauss que la linguistique de Jakobson ont permis à Lacan de réaliser son projet freudien coupé par une nouvelle façon de produire de la science. Nous signalons, cependant, que le rapport de Lacan avec la linguistique saussurienne a frappé, particulièrement, la marche de la psychanalyse. Lacan a trouvé, dans la linguistique structurelle, une possibilité de faire revenir la psychanalyse à son domaine spécifique, celui du langage. Ainsi, le structuralisme occupe une place importante dans l'histoire de la psychanalyse, un fait que nous essayons de démontrer dans cet ouvrage.